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The bowler hat, also known as a derby (US) or billycock[1], is a hard felt hat with a rounded crown originally created in 1849 for Edward Coke, the younger brother of the 2nd Earl of Leicester. The bowler hat was devised in 1849 by the London hatmakers Thomas and William Bowler to fulfil an order placed by the firm of hatters Lock & Co. of St. James’s, a company established in 1676 which is still in business. Lock & Co. had been commissioned by a customer to design a close-fitting, low-crowned hat to protect his gamekeepers’ heads from low-hanging branches while on horseback. The keepers had previously worn top hats, which were easily knocked off and damaged. It was also hoped that the new style of hat would protect the keepers if they were attacked by poachers. Lock & Co. then commissioned the Bowler brothers to solve the problem. While most accounts state that the customer was William Coke, a nephew of the 1st Earl of Leicester, recent research has cast some doubt on this, and it is now believed that it was instead Edward Coke, the younger brother of the 2nd Earl of Leicester. Flag CapsWhen Coke arrived in London on 17 December 1849 to collect his hat he reportedly placed it on the floor and stamped hard on it twice to test its strength; the hat withstood this test and Coke paid 12 shillings for it. In accordance with Locks & Company’s usual practice, the hat was called the “Coke” hat after the customer who had ordered it, and this is most likely why the hat became became known as the “Billy Coke” or “Billycock” hat in Norfolk. Peaking in popularity towards the end of the 19th century the bowler hat offered a middle ground between the formality of the top hat, which was associated with the upper classes, and the casual soft flat caps worn by the working classes. The bowler became a cultural identifier, ironically with two completely different meanings: throughout most of England it was associated with professional servants, e.g. butlers, and so upon seeing a man wearing a bowler in a pub or on the street, it was fairly safe to assume he was a “gentleman’s gentleman,” meaning a valet, manservant or butler; in London itself, however, it was associated with professionals, and so a man wearing a bowler in The City could safely be assumed to be a lawyer, stockbroker, banker or government official. As the traditional headwear of London city ‘gents’ it has become something of an English cultural icon. The bowler was also to some extent adopted by the surrealist movement, particularly by Magritte, as an object which typified the absurdity of “normal life” and appeared in many surrealist paintings in one guise or another. However, Englishmen stopped wearing hats as a matter of course in the 1960s, and most young English people in the 21st century have never seen a bowler hat worn as part of normal dress. The decline of the bowler is possibly linked to the rise in car ownership in the 1960s which would make it difficult to wear[original research?]. It is, however, still commonly seen worn at some formal public events, such as by town councillors at Armistice Day ceremonies. It is also traditionally worn by members of the Orange Order in Northern Ireland during their 12 July annual parades, though usage has declined. A bowler hat was once worn by the gaffer of a team of furniture removers although this tradition has died out. In the United States this hat is also known as a derby hat, after Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby, founder in 1780 of the Epsom Derby. The cultural significance of this style of hat was slightly different in the United States; though certainly not exclusively so, the derby tended to be associated with urban culture, and particularly with well-to-do people who had risen from the working class. Hence, it was often seen on the heads of “machine politicians”, urban Irish-descended “ward heelers” and others, and so often appears in movies, comic books and comic strips of the 1930s and 1940s as a silent signal that the wearer is of this group. Al Smith, who exemplified the urban Tammany politician of the 1920s, was often seen in his distinctive derby; while typically, men’s full-sized derbies are black, Al Smith always wore a brown derby. A small bowler hat worn at an angle is typically referred to as a “gruff hat” or “pickle hat”. In Germany, the hat is known as Melone (melon), due to its shape. Similarly in France it is known as “chapeau melon”. The bowler hat – called a bombin – has also been worn by Quechua and Aymara women in Peru and Bolivia since the 1920s when it was introduced to Bolivia by British railway workers. For many years a factory in Italy manufactured the hats for the Bolivian market, but they are now produced locally.  Read more... (862 words, estimated 3:27 mins reading time)

Online Dating And Chat Tips:

Online dating & chat may be considered the best friends finder today for all kinds of relationships and sex. It is advisable that we make at least one friend every five years because as we grow or as we move on with life we loose some of our good buddies along the way something that may seem to be like natural wastage. Sometimes we fall in and out of love, we change and adapt and we finally end up with a group of our best personals. It is therefore important for us to keep exploring and searching for new experiences to make this life better.

Meet New Friends:  Read more... (347 words, estimated 1:23 mins reading time)

Dating used to be called courtship, and courtship was about being respectful and spending time with someone. Find out how the history of dating led to Internet dating withadvice from a dating coach in this free video on dating tips. Expert: Donna Barnes Contact: www.donnabarnes.com Bio: Donna Barnes is a professional life coach, relationship expert, television host, author, columnist and producer based in New York City. Filmmaker: Paul Muller

“I give up on dating, Kate! There’s lots of people finding real love online — but not me! What’s wrong with me?”

As a marriage counselor for over 30 years, I’ve witnessed a massive change in the dating scene. On a recent forum of counselors and psychologists, I heard a wide range of theories relating to this change. One elderly and well-respected doctor blamed “Southern California” — meaning Hollywood and Porn Valley — for the “decline in traditional morality.” Others have pointed out that there seems to be a decrease in sexual activity among the young, a “new teenage conservatism.”

The one thing that we all agreed on is the emergence of Internet Dating as the primary way of meeting your match.  Read more... (729 words, estimated 2:55 mins reading time)

Across the world, farmer populations are seeing a change with statistics showing that there is a big decline in the amount of people becoming farmers, and working fulltime as professional farmers and of the offspring of farmers taking up their parent’s role.  Several sectors have also moved to operate under tight contractual arrangements with some suppliers as opposed to the open market conditions that were the norm with previous years.

These changing demographics are affecting a wide range of varying industries and have been the subject of many studies and statistical analysis throughout the globe. Australia’s dense coastal population can much of the time leave our farmers, including miners of rural Australia forgotten by businesses and large service companies ie: phone or electricity companies. In recent times the Australian Bureau of statistics gathered detailed data on the farming population.The Australian government is using this data to try and create policy to support Australian farming communities.  Read more... (526 words, estimated 2:06 mins reading time)

21/01/2009

Like many singles, your planning on heading out this weekend in the hope of meeting then dating that perfect guy or girl. This scenario, for many, can repeat itself week in week out as you look forward to your big night out. If you think about it, going out to a bar or club is one of the most competitive past times singles face as you are basically competing with hundreds of other singles on a night out and are all looking for the same result – to meet or pick up someone, right?

Not only are you competing with complete strangers who are vying for the affections from that same guy or girl as you are, but also with your buddies with whom you go out with. Occasionally you might exchange phone numbers with other singles and end up dating them later on only to eventually realise you are not attracted to them when you meet up days later in a more subdued environment. This is a very common scenario. Finding the right chemistry is not an easy thing to do.  Read more... (494 words, estimated 1:59 mins reading time)

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